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Crystal balls have a rich history as tools of divination, evolving from ancient Druids to a symbol of witchcraft during the Middle Ages, and later romanticiz...
An estimated 2,500 to 3,000 people were executed for witchcraft in Britain, and the answer changes with every border. England hanged roughly 500, Scotland st...
The Green Witch has evolved from medieval herbalist traditions into a modern symbol of eco-consciousness and spirituality. Historically serving as healers wi...
Witch trial tests were procedures used in Britain and Europe from the late Middle Ages to the eighteenth century to prove witchcraft without a confession. Th...
Roger Nowell, the Lancashire magistrate of Read Hall, took the first statements in the Pendle case on 30 March 1612. This article sets out what the record sh...
Jennet Device, a nine-year-old girl, became the star witness in the Pendle witch trials. Under King James I's Daemonologie, legal rules were suspended, allow...
Thomas Potts, clerk of the court at the 1612 Lancaster assizes, wrote the 1613 Wonderfull Discoverie, the main source for the Pendle trials. This article exa...
Jennet Device is usually said to have been accused again in 1634 and to have died in Lancaster Castle. I traced that story back to its documents, found no re...
The Pendle witches were twelve people accused of witchcraft in Lancashire in 1612, and ten were executed. This article follows the case from a pedlar's colla...
A judicial audit of the 1612 Lancashire witch trials: how the 1604 Witchcraft Act, the magistrate's examinations and the evidence heard at Lancaster made the...
Pendle witch trials myths, audited against the surviving 1612 and 1613 record: not the largest English execution, no torture recorded, and a main source writ...
The Pendle witch trials aftermath: how the 1604 Act stayed law until 1735, why Jennet Device was named among the accused again in 1633, and how the case was ...
In medieval Europe, people lived side by side with animals, from working dogs and cats that kept vermin at bay to barn owls shrieking over fields. But in an ...
Witch marks, or ritual protection marks, are symbols carved into medieval buildings to ward off evil. Created by ordinary people in a climate of fear, they r...
Beneath Britain’s tranquil village ponds lurks a grim past. From ducking stools to chilling swimming tests, suspected witches faced trial by water in a despe...
The medieval perception of witches combined fear and fascination, influencing law, religion, and folklore. Initially viewed as harmless, beliefs shifted towa...
