Histories and Castles

Castles in England and Wales

Discover the mighty castles of England and Wales

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Historical Figures and Events

From the Knights Templar and the Crusades to Medieval Kings of England and Princes of Wales

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Explore the medieval history of England and Wales, clearly explained and grounded in reality. From kings and princes to Arthurian legends, the Knights Templar, and witchcraft, discover what it all actually meant, alongside carefully selected gifts and historically inspired pieces for those who want something with real meaning.

King Edward III in royal attire with a crown in a dimly lit room Owain Glyndŵr on horseback in woodland, wearing armour and carrying a spear in daylight. William the Conqueror in chainmail armor with a stone wall background
King Edward III in royal attire with a crown in a dimly lit room Owain Glyndŵr on horseback in woodland, wearing armour and carrying a spear in daylight. William the Conqueror in chainmail armor with a stone wall background
King Edward III in royal attire with a crown in a dimly lit room Owain Glyndŵr on horseback in woodland, wearing armour and carrying a spear in daylight. William the Conqueror in chainmail armor with a stone wall background
King Henry II in a richly decorated crown and crimson robe inside a candlelit medieval hall. King Richard I depicted in battle armour with a gold crown and red cloak, showing a fierce expression. Illustration of King Henry III wearing a gold crown and green royal mantle against a soft painted background.
King Henry II in a richly decorated crown and crimson robe inside a candlelit medieval hall. King Richard I depicted in battle armour with a gold crown and red cloak, showing a fierce expression. Illustration of King Henry III wearing a gold crown and green royal mantle against a soft painted background.
King Henry II in a richly decorated crown and crimson robe inside a candlelit medieval hall. King Richard I depicted in battle armour with a gold crown and red cloak, showing a fierce expression. Illustration of King Henry III wearing a gold crown and green royal mantle against a soft painted background.

Medieval English Monarchy and Welsh Princes

Explore the people who shaped the history of England and Wales, from powerful rulers to figures whose decisions still leave their mark on castles and chronicles today.

English Kings and Welsh Princes
King Edward III in royal attire with a crown in a dimly lit room Owain Glyndŵr on horseback in woodland, wearing armour and carrying a spear in daylight. William the Conqueror in chainmail armor with a stone wall background
King Edward III in royal attire with a crown in a dimly lit room Owain Glyndŵr on horseback in woodland, wearing armour and carrying a spear in daylight. William the Conqueror in chainmail armor with a stone wall background
King Edward III in royal attire with a crown in a dimly lit room Owain Glyndŵr on horseback in woodland, wearing armour and carrying a spear in daylight. William the Conqueror in chainmail armor with a stone wall background
King Henry II in a richly decorated crown and crimson robe inside a candlelit medieval hall. King Richard I depicted in battle armour with a gold crown and red cloak, showing a fierce expression. Illustration of King Henry III wearing a gold crown and green royal mantle against a soft painted background.
King Henry II in a richly decorated crown and crimson robe inside a candlelit medieval hall. King Richard I depicted in battle armour with a gold crown and red cloak, showing a fierce expression. Illustration of King Henry III wearing a gold crown and green royal mantle against a soft painted background.
King Henry II in a richly decorated crown and crimson robe inside a candlelit medieval hall. King Richard I depicted in battle armour with a gold crown and red cloak, showing a fierce expression. Illustration of King Henry III wearing a gold crown and green royal mantle against a soft painted background.

Medieval Events

Healthcare in the Middle Ages: Practices, Beliefs, and Reality
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Healthcare in the Middle Ages: Practices, Beliefs, and Reality
Medieval healthcare was a fascinating paradox of spiritual devotion and rudimentary science. Practices were heavily dictated by the theory of the four humours and religious doctrine, with treatments ranging from herbal remedies and bloodletting to prayer. While often viewed as primitive, these methods formed the essential groundwork for modern medicine.
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Caernarfon castle's Eagle tower set against a blue sky
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The Brutal Reality of Life Under a Welsh Castle
Living under the shadow of an Edwardian castle was an experience of permanent surveillance and economic exclusion. These fortresses weren't just military outposts; they were tools of psychological warfare designed to break the Welsh spirit. This system of "Iron Ring" control became the essential playbook for future British colonial expansion.
What If England Became Muslim? The Medieval Invasion That Nearly Changed Everything
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What If England Became Muslim? The Medieval Invasion That Nearly Changed Everything
Could medieval England have faced a Muslim invasion and emerged fundamentally changed? This thought-provoking exploration examines how power, alliances, and geography shaped the limits of conquest, revealing that while conversion was unlikely, England’s political and cultural identity could have shifted far more dramatically than we might expect.
How Young Were Medieval Queens? The Truth Is More Shocking Than You Think
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How Young Were Medieval Queens? The Truth Is More Shocking Than You Think
Some medieval queens in England were married at six years old. Not as an exception, but as part of royal strategy. Yet beyond the palace walls, most women waited until their twenties. The real story is not that everyone married young, but that royal girls paid the price of power.
King Edward I overseeing a map of Wales with guards and noblemen behind him
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Was Wales the First Colony? How It Shaped the British Empire
Long before overseas expansion, Wales became the testing ground for British imperial strategy. Edward I’s conquest introduced systems of control, law, and settlement that shaped future colonial rule. By examining castles, governance, and identity, this article reveals how medieval Wales helped define the foundations of the British Empire.
The Treaty of Aberconwy (1277): A Turning Point in Medieval Wales
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The Treaty of Aberconwy (1277): A Turning Point in Medieval Wales
The Treaty of Aberconwy (1277) followed Edward I’s first campaign against Llywelyn ap Gruffudd. It reduced Welsh territory, restored rival princes, and confirmed English overlordship. Though it brought temporary peace, the treaty weakened Welsh unity and paved the way for renewed war and eventual conquest.
The Middle Ages: Europe Between Empire and Modernity
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The Middle Ages: Europe Between Empire and Modernity
Spanning a millennium from the fifth to the fifteenth century, the Middle Ages witnessed the transformation of Europe. From the collapse of Roman authority to the flourishing of the Renaissance, this era was defined by the rise of Christianity, the complexities of feudalism, and pivotal events like the Black Death.
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Caernarfon castle with towers by a body of water under a blue sky. Caerphilly castle with a flag on a clear blue sky background Medieval castle with towers and a bridge, surrounded by greenery
Caernarfon castle with towers by a body of water under a blue sky. Caerphilly castle with a flag on a clear blue sky background Medieval castle with towers and a bridge, surrounded by greenery
Caernarfon castle with towers by a body of water under a blue sky. Caerphilly castle with a flag on a clear blue sky background Medieval castle with towers and a bridge, surrounded by greenery
Arundel Castle with moat and flag on a cloudy day Large stone castle with turrets surrounded by greenery under a clear blue sky. Bodiam Castle with moat reflection during sunset
Arundel Castle with moat and flag on a cloudy day Large stone castle with turrets surrounded by greenery under a clear blue sky. Bodiam Castle with moat reflection during sunset
Arundel Castle with moat and flag on a cloudy day Large stone castle with turrets surrounded by greenery under a clear blue sky. Bodiam Castle with moat reflection during sunset

Castles of England and Wales

Explore castles across England and Wales, where each fortress reveals its own story of power, conflict, and history waiting to be discovered.

English and Welsh Castles

Wizardry, Witching and Witchcraft

Roger Nowell's Role and the 1612 Assizes
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Roger Nowell's Role and the 1612 Assizes
Roger Nowell, the ambitious magistrate of Read Hall, was the primary architect of the 1612 Pendle witch trials. By transforming a medical stroke and a stolen sheep into a demonic conspiracy, he used the lives of the poor to secure royal favour from King James I.
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The 1612 Lancashire Assizes: A Forensic Review of Systemic Judicial Failure
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The 1612 Lancashire Assizes: A Forensic Review of Systemic Judicial Failure
The 1612 trials represent a profound collapse of Stuart jurisprudence, where procedural safeguards were subverted by a monarch’s theological insecurity and a magistrate’s careerism. To understand Pendle is to understand how systemic pressures can transform a functional legal system into a tool for state-sanctioned injustice.
Thomas Potts and the 1612 Pendle Trials
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Thomas Potts and the 1612 Pendle Trials
Thomas Potts’ 1613 tract, The Wonderfull Discoverie of Witches, is often read as a factual record of the Pendle trials. In reality, it was a sophisticated piece of state propaganda. This blog analyses how Potts used the machinery of the law to transform poverty and medical ignorance into a demonic conspiracy.
Jennet Device: The Child Witness of the 1612 Pendle Witch Trials
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Jennet Device: The Child Witness of the 1612 Pendle Witch Trials
Jennet Device, a nine-year-old girl, became the star witness in the Pendle witch trials. Under King James I's Daemonologie, legal rules were suspended, allowing her to condemn her family to the gallows. This blog explores how the state weaponised a child to secure England’s most notorious witch-hunt conviction
The Pendle Witch Trials: Surprising Truths
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The Pendle Witch Trials: Surprising Truths
Discover the true story of Alizon Device and the 1612 Pendle Witch Trials. This forensic analysis deconstructs England’s most infamous miscarriage of justice, revealing how a medical stroke, systemic poverty, and the weaponisation of a child witness led ten innocent people to the gallows in a storm of royal paranoia.
The Law of Fear: A Judicial Audit of the 1612 Lancashire Witch Trials
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The Law of Fear: A Judicial Audit of the 1612 Lancashire Witch Trials
The 1612 Pendle trials were a state-sanctioned criminalisation of poverty and neurodivergence. Driven by King James I’s political insecurities and Magistrate Roger Nowell’s ambition, the court abandoned evidentiary norms. The result was a systemic failure where clinical medical events and regional folklore were reframed as fatal, treasonous, satanic conspiracies documented.
The History of Crystal Balls and Witches - Uncovering the Truth
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The History of Crystal Balls and Witches - Uncovering the Truth
Crystal balls have a rich history as tools of divination, evolving from ancient Druids to a symbol of witchcraft during the Middle Ages, and later romanticized in the Victorian occult revival. Today, they represent intuition and spiritual insight, embraced in modern witchcraft practices while maintaining their air of mystery and allure.
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The Anatomy of a Witch Hunt: The Pendle Trials of 1612 Course
The Anatomy of a Witch Hunt: The Pendle Trials of 1612 Course
The Anatomy of a Witch Hunt: The Pendle Trials of 1612 Course
The Anatomy of a Witch Hunt: The Pendle Trials of 1612 Course
The Anatomy of a Witch Hunt: The Pendle Trials of 1612 Course
The Anatomy of a Witch Hunt: The Pendle Trials of 1612 Course
The Anatomy of a Witch Hunt: The Pendle Trials of 1612 Course
The Anatomy of a Witch Hunt: The Pendle Trials of 1612 Course
The Anatomy of a Witch Hunt: The Pendle Trials of 1612 Course
The Anatomy of a Witch Hunt: The Pendle Trials of 1612 Course
The Anatomy of a Witch Hunt: The Pendle Trials of 1612 Course
The Anatomy of a Witch Hunt: The Pendle Trials of 1612 Course
The Anatomy of a Witch Hunt: The Pendle Trials of 1612 Course
The Anatomy of a Witch Hunt: The Pendle Trials of 1612 Course
The Anatomy of a Witch Hunt: The Pendle Trials of 1612 Course
The Anatomy of a Witch Hunt: The Pendle Trials of 1612 Course
The Anatomy of a Witch Hunt: The Pendle Trials of 1612 Course
The Anatomy of a Witch Hunt: The Pendle Trials of 1612 Course
Histories and Castles Academy
The Anatomy of a Witch Hunt: The Pendle Trials of 1612

In 1612, ten people were executed for witchcraft. The evidence would collapse in any modern court.

So why were they convicted?

This is not folklore. This is a forensic investigation into one of England’s most disturbing judicial failures.

Understand the Pendle Witch Trials properly, not just the version you’ve heard before.
Start the course today and see the full picture, step by step.

£25.00
£25.00

Myths and Legends

King Arthur in chain mail and armour holding excalibur his sword in a misty forest
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The Medieval Popularity of King Arthur: Chivalry, Power, and Cultural Imagination
In the 12th and 13th centuries, King Arthur became the most influential figure in European literature. This "Arthurian Fever" crossed borders and languages, moving from the Celtic fringes to the heart of the royal courts in France, Germany, and Italy. Far from a static legend, the story of Arthur was constantly reinvented to reflect the shifting social values and political ambitions of the medieval world.
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King Arthur and the Round Table: Power, Myth and the Making of Britain
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King Arthur and the Round Table: Power, Myth and the Making of Britain
King Arthur remains Britain’s most enduring legend. From post-Roman war leader to imperial monarch of Camelot, his story reflects power, unity, betrayal, and hope. The Round Table symbolised equality and order, yet its fall revealed human frailty. Arthur’s myth continues to mirror Britain’s political and cultural anxieties.
king arthur in armour with excalibur his sword in hand witha dark woods behind him
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Avalon and the Once and Future King
Avalon is the legendary isle of enchantment, a sanctuary of healing and the final resting place of King Arthur. First introduced in Geoffrey of Monmouth’s 12th-century chronicles, this "Isle of Fruit Trees" has evolved from a misty Celtic paradise into a tangible site of pilgrimage, most famously associated with the heights of Glastonbury Tor.
Windsor Castle and King Arthur
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Windsor Castle and King Arthur
Windsor Castle is often linked with the legend of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. But where does history end and myth begin? Explore the origins of this enduring connection, medieval storytelling, and how royal tradition helped shape Arthur’s lasting association with Windsor.
King Arthur
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King Arthur
King Arthur’s legend is deeply intertwined with Wales, where ancient chronicles, mythic tales and historical upheaval converge. From the Mabinogion to the Annales Cambriae, Welsh sources place Arthur within a turbulent post-Roman landscape, blending warrior leadership, prophecy and folklore into a cultural legacy that continues to shape British identity.
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Latest Articles

Queen Isabella of France

Queen Isabella of France

Queen Isabella of France, the 'She-Wolf', rebelled against her weak husband Edward II, invaded England with Roger Mortimer, deposed the king in 132...
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Great Helm – Medieval Helmet Replica Collectible
Great Helm – Medieval Helmet Replica Collectible
Great Helm – Medieval Helmet Replica Collectible
Great Helm – Medieval Helmet Replica Collectible
Great Helm – Medieval Helmet Replica Collectible
Great Helm – Medieval Helmet Replica Collectible
Great Helm – Medieval Helmet Replica Collectible
Great Helm – Medieval Helmet Replica Collectible
Great Helm – Medieval Helmet Replica Collectible
Great Helm – Medieval Helmet Replica Collectible
English Heritage
Great Helm – Medieval Helmet Replica

The Great Helm is one of the most recognisable pieces of medieval armour, worn by knights during the 12th and 13th centuries for protection in battle and tournament combat. This decorative replica reflects the solid, enclosed design that became synonymous with high medieval warfare and chivalric identity.

Characterised by its cylindrical shape and flat top, the Great Helm was designed to provide maximum head protection while projecting authority and presence on the battlefield. Its uncompromising form symbolises the era’s emphasis on defence, discipline, and knightly status rather than comfort or ornament.

Intended for decorative use, this replica is ideal for wall display, heritage interiors, reenactment-inspired décor, or themed collections. It also makes a striking gift for history enthusiasts, castle visitors, or anyone fascinated by medieval armour and knightly culture.

Produced for the English Heritage collection, this piece reflects a commitment to historically inspired design and quality presentation.

Please note: This item is a decorative replica and is not suitable for wear, reenactment, or protective use.

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As the national mapping agency of Great Britain Ordnance Survey is renowned for its paper maps as well as the award-winning OS Maps app, loved by walkers, runners, cyclists, horse riders, climbers and everyone that enjoys discovering the Great British outdoors and getting off of the beaten track. On top of that they offer a wide range of guide books, personalised maps, themed maps and more. 

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