Histories and Castles

A Hidden Gem of Welsh History

Nestled in the rugged landscape of Snowdonia, Castell y Bere stands as a striking reminder of Wales’ rich medieval past. This lesser-known castle, located near the small village of Llanfihangel-y-Pennant in Gwynedd, carries a unique blend of history, architectural charm, and breathtaking natural surroundings. Unlike some of the grander castles found throughout Wales, Castell y Bere offers an intimate glimpse into the life of the Welsh princes and their attempts to safeguard their lands from both internal and external threats.

The Early History of Castell y Bere

Castell y Bere was built by Llywelyn the Great (Llywelyn ap Iorwerth) around 1221. Llywelyn was one of Wales’ most powerful rulers during the 13th century. As the Prince of Gwynedd, he sought to defend his land from the encroaching English forces and assert his dominance over his Welsh rivals. The location of Castell y Bere was not chosen by accident. It sits atop a rocky outcrop overlooking the Dysynni Valley, making it a strategic position for observing enemy movements.

The castle was primarily built to defend the southern reaches of Gwynedd and control the surrounding land. Llywelyn understood the value of this position, not just for its defensive potential, but also for its ability to project power into the surrounding areas. Unlike many other castles of the time, which were built using stone from the outset, Castell y Bere was initially constructed from earth and timber, later being reinforced with stone. This method was typical of Welsh castles, which evolved as their rulers’ fortunes rose and fell.

The Architecture of Castell y Bere

Castell y Bere’s design was unique for its time and location. Rather than the symmetrical, imposing structures favoured by the Normans, the castle followed the natural contours of the landscape. Its elongated shape, curving with the ridge of the hill, made it a difficult fortress to attack. This organic approach to castle building reflects the practical mindset of the Welsh rulers, who were more concerned with utility than grand displays of wealth or power.

The castle boasted a range of defences. High curtain walls surrounded the complex, punctuated by a series of towers. These towers allowed defenders to survey the landscape and fire arrows upon advancing enemies. The entrance to the castle was protected by a drawbridge and gatehouse, both common features in medieval fortifications. But what made Castell y Bere stand out was its advanced defensive features, such as the intricate arrangement of the towers and walls, designed to create kill zones that maximised the defenders’ ability to target attackers.

The castle also housed a chapel, a clear sign of the importance of religion and the need for spiritual sustenance during times of conflict. Remains of a hall can also be found, which would have been used for administrative purposes and as a residence for Llywelyn or his appointed stewards.

Castell y Bere and the English Invasion

Despite its strategic location and sturdy design, Castell y Bere had a relatively short life as a military fortress. After the death of Llywelyn the Great in 1240, the castle was inherited by his son, Dafydd ap Llywelyn, and later by Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, also known as Llywelyn the Last. The death of Llywelyn the Last in 1282 marked a turning point for the Welsh princes, as it symbolised the final defeat of Welsh independence.

In 1283, following the English invasion led by Edward I, Castell y Bere fell into English hands. Edward, ever the castle-builder, immediately recognised the potential of Castell y Bere as a defensive outpost in his conquest of Wales. He ordered repairs and enhancements to the fortifications. However, the castle’s remote location and the changing political landscape meant that its importance dwindled. By 1294, during a Welsh rebellion led by Madog ap Llywelyn, the castle was abandoned, and it fell into disrepair.

Life in and Around Castell y Bere

While Castell y Bere was a military fortress, it was also a symbol of power and control over the local population. The castle would have been home to soldiers, administrators, and their families. This small community relied on the surrounding farmland for their sustenance. The Dysynni Valley, with its fertile soil and access to fresh water, provided the perfect conditions for crops and livestock. The local Welsh population, often under the thumb of their rulers, would have been tasked with supplying the castle with food and resources, which would have been stored in its granaries and kitchens.

Daily life in the castle would have been both practical and communal. The soldiers had to be prepared for conflict, maintaining the fortifications and practising their combat skills. The ruling family, on the other hand, would have enjoyed a more comfortable life, with their quarters providing warmth and protection from the harsh Welsh weather. Despite the looming threat of invasion or rebellion, the castle’s residents would have found moments of peace and ceremony, such as religious services in the chapel or gatherings in the great hall.

Castell y Bere Today

Today, Castell y Bere lies in ruins, but its remains still stand proudly against the backdrop of the surrounding mountains. While much of the stone structure has crumbled over the centuries, visitors can still explore the castle’s layout and marvel at its ingenious design. The site is managed by Cadw, the Welsh Government’s historic environment service, which works to preserve and promote the castle as part of Wales’ cultural heritage.

Walking through the ruins, one can still see the remnants of the towers, the gatehouse, and the chapel. The views from the castle are spectacular, offering panoramic vistas of the Dysynni Valley and the rolling hills beyond. These views would have been vital for the castle’s defenders, but today they provide a sense of tranquillity and connection to the past.

Castell y Bere is also a haven for wildlife. The surrounding area is rich in biodiversity, with birds of prey often spotted soaring overhead. The natural beauty of the area, combined with the castle’s historical significance, makes it a popular destination for both history enthusiasts and nature lovers.

Why Castell y Bere Matters

Castell y Bere may not be as famous as the imposing castles of Caernarfon or Conwy, but it holds a special place in the story of Wales. It represents the resilience of the Welsh princes, who, for a time, held off the might of the English crown. The castle’s unique architecture, shaped by the landscape, stands as a testament to the ingenuity of its builders. It is a reminder that, while Wales may have been conquered, its spirit and culture endured.

For those seeking to explore Welsh history off the beaten track, a visit to Castell y Bere is a journey into the heart of a proud and independent past. The castle may be in ruins, but its story, like the landscape that surrounds it, is one of strength and survival.